Kojic acid is a by product in the fermentation process of malting riec for use in the manufacturing of sake, the Japanese rice wine. Kojic acid has been shown to be effective inhibiting melanin production. Glycoilic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxyl acid. Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the outer skin to dissolve reveling the underlying, healthier, smoother, brighter lloking skin.